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Lengthening of the fuselage, of course, made by DC-9-Design, had his program, which differs dimensionally in four, with higher capacity versions, including DC 90-30 -10/14 initially elongated than the basic series / 15 , followed by the DC-9 to 40 and the final DC-9 to 50, with its registration is 49 more passengers than the original twin.
The DC-9 itself, based on four design principles of robustness, simplicity, reliability,low-cost, McDonnell-Douglas aircraft was the best selling commercial time, in fact, that moved or ended up somewhere in the world every seven seconds, and serves over 570 cities with about 6,050 daily flights, and in 1979, the collective fleet carried more than one billion passengers and recorded rate more than 18 million hours with almost 99 percent of punctuality and reliability.
Its Pratt and Whitney JT8D engine, the engine most used and most numbering12,000 units, had not only been driving for all versions of the DC-9 are available, but also had the Boeing 727, the Sud-Aviation Caravelle SE.210 Super, which is powered Boeing 737 Dassault-Breguet Mercure and 100
Both the DC-9 JT8D turbofan basic design and, therefore, has provided the platform on which the best and most cost-effective capacity of more than a successor, which requires the DC-9-30 the same basic coverage for even more of the DC-9 -50 's economy.
His body, not withreached the limits of its flexibility, is suitable for even greater capacity to remain, but the obstruction had an engine thrust was enough to get the parameters acceptable payload, range and performance for the operator.
Based on the previous two stages JT3D, both the 707 and DC-8, had operated the JT8D, one low, one-on-a-bypass turbofan report, it was before al 7 April 1961 race, with the sky for the first time May 1 in the following year, mounted on a 707He has received FAA certification February 9, 1963, as the push £ 14,000 JT8D-1, was the 727-100, had previously operated by the DC-9 to 10 employees, and has subsequently been proposed in several versions of pressure on higher the last of which 17 400-lb thrust JT8D-17R was.
A new-generation model offers an ultimate application for section DC-9, JT8D-109 has been called, has developed a great demonstration of six engines, including a stadium fansNASA Quiet Engine Program, which had during 1972-1975, and two of his drawings were later recorded more than 50 hours in 32 modified DC-9. Designing a development is started, the 18,500 lb thrust JT8D-209, first ran in 1974 and two years later, test flown on a McDonnell-Douglas Advanced Medium STOL Transport (AMST) in March 1977.
Even if a new supercritical wing was initially also considered the plane for the short-medium range, which meantassociated with higher reports of ascent and descent profiles for real cruise could not fully exploit this new project, the benefits as a result, could justify the development costs higher. The current DC-9 wing root and tip extenders also modified and high-lift devices would be the demand for power, economy and range parameters.
Several iterations first, usually the DC-9 to 50 and all the hull covers increased capacity, wider wings and basehad two turbofan refanned Refan elongated contain the DC-9-50RS, super-tense Refan DC-9-50RSS, the DC-9 to 55 and the DC-9 to 60, while a DC-9QSF for the Japanese operator as NAMC YS-11 twin-engine turboprop replacement, together, a DC-9 to 40 cells with two 18,000 lb thrust JT8D-209 engines and six-foot wing, so that the aircraft 114 000 pound-feet from 4000 operating takeoff and landing runways with 120 passengers.
However, the design complexity and cost pressures dictate a simpler,simpler version, which incorporated the longer fuselage, greater wing area and JT8D-209 turbofan, but kept the cockpit with all the previous DC-9 variants. Out either the DC-DC 9-60 and 90-70 sequences, designated the aircraft the final DC-9-80 or DC-9 Super 80, more accurately reflect the year in the inaugural service was launched in October 20, 1977 with the receipt of 27 companies and 13 optioned orders of Swissair, Austrian Airlines, and SouthAirways, along with a letter of intent by LAV Lineas Aeropostal Venezolanas, all former DC-9 operators had been. Expected to want to add more capacity to their DC-9 cells and a substitute for more expensive tri-jet, it's services in mature markets, where environmental and noise constraints had ruled should offer greater capacity for replacement of equipment, supplies aircraft noise significantly smaller footprint, greater autonomy and capacity, as the seat milesThe comparable cost for a twin.
After the former president of Douglas Aircraft Company, John C. Brizendine, "Over the past year ... we made a conscious of the need to conserve energy, protect the environment and more cost efficient to build aircraft. (The DC-9 Super 80) must be designed to meet the needs of our industry for years to come. These include the environmental impact, energy efficiency, economic efficiency and a spacious,comfortable interior. "
McDonnell-Douglas aircraft boasted: "The DC-9 Super 80 is a blend of proven design with a low risk to the effectiveness of improved technology, (but) high reliability DC-9 and reduce operating costs are met."
Although this was the twin of the previous generation was based, is still conducted numerous advanced features.
A stretched fuselage, with an eight-pin frame reached before the wings and the single-frameInsert behind them, has led to a 147.10 m long, providing maximum capacity of 172 and 33 more than the DC-9 to 50 and an incredible 82 more than the first DC-9 to 10 and the production of air the line stretched more extensively up to this point. Which is located at the front, left and back, ventral, outputs, and was maintained with a retractable catwalk, but a service left rear door, a few meters from the engine, was introduced. Aeritalia of Naples, in Italy, made hisFuselage panels.
A new center section of 10.6 meters and two meters in parallel-chord tip extensions, which led to the third dimension divergent DC-9 wing to increase a range of 28 percent, 57 percent of reservoir capacity and 11 percent efficiency.
Measurement was 107 feet, 10 1 / 4 inches, the wing, with 24-degree swing back on their fourth major chord, an aspect ratio 9.62, three degrees of dihedral, and a 1239 square meters was composed of four - precision machined wing skin panelshad 14 000 pounds of ingots of dimensions 60 cm wide, 15 inches long and 30 cm thick has been transformed by the Reynolds Metal Company of McCook, Illinois.
The all-metal, twin-spar structure, measuring range with riveted stringers spanwise, characterized, drag three blades to fall off with a new set of media, and to improve climb performance at high gross weight, the larger, double-slotted trailing edge flaps, 67 percent of the period covered andlowered the stall speed of the aircraft, three panels have been spoilers that the outer two can be used as both air and ground-lift truck and ailerons. All but the latter were hydraulically operated, while the ailerons were located manually. A fence subalari vortillon ensures adequate ventilation. Provide 1520 U.S. gallons of extra fuel tank, but also provided a greater range of the main landing bay.
The variable-incidence, electrically operated elevator, ranging40.2 feet or 3.6 meters longer than the DC-9 to 50, retained the distinctive design of the T-tail configuration and wore lifts equipped assister registered, while the vertical fin, the representation of an entire height of the aircraft 30.2 meters, featured a hydraulic steering. E 'was higher than 1.4 meters, as is the DC-9 to 50.
Its Pratt and Whitney JT8D-209 turbofans, mounted on both sides of the rear fuselage and retain the original target type thrust reverser was at the center of the baseJT8D-9 first, but a 49-inch and a wide range advanced, low-pressure compressor, making £ 18,500 with an extra push caused £ 750 automatic power reserve (APR), while the motor loss generated conditions. The largest diameter, single fan, driving with a larger volume of hot air bypass section of the heart, with more efficient mixing of hot and cold air duct coupled and an increase in sound absorption material in its gondola and the surrounding homes, has provided numerousImprovements, including the ability to push higher, higher ratio of 1:1.78 front to bypass the opposite JT8D 1.01; an output speed of less than 11 percent decrease in specific fuel consumption and noise emissions significantly lower than the medium-range tri-jet had been intended to replace.
The use of weight-Kevlar-reinforced aluminum honeycomb, reinforced graphite-bandwidth caps in the outer cylinder of the front panel and the top and two lower doors, paneling,the gondola, 21.1 meters in length, was equal to 4.5 meters longer than the JT8D-9, and then the technical challenges presented in terms of installation on the DC-9, whichever is longer, the body.
The DC-9 Super 80 has hydraulically retractable tricycle maintained, wheels, air suspension with Goodyear Cleveland wheels, tires and disc brakes, and Douglas ran air brake cooling, Hydro-Aire Mk III-slip units. The nose wheel was controlled at 27 degrees to each side.
Although theSuper 80 will receive a common pilot type rating with the DC-9, they still offered the progress of various cockpit, including digital control and flight by Sperry Flight Systems Division of Sperry Rand Corporation has developed, which incorporates the performance of the control subsystems flight of seven two identical computers digital cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, a digital fuel gauge, a dial-a-flap system and Category III autoland capability of 50 metersDecision Height (DH) and 700 meters of runway visual range (RVR). An electronic performance management introduced subsequently made available automatic step and the push to achieve the optimal speed and fuel consumption during the aircraft climb, cruise and descent profiles.
The 101-meter long "broad view" cabin, offering a large ceiling sculptures, shaped and acoustically treated and mixed in the luggage compartment tiltable; sculptures aluminum side panels around the windows;Fluorescent lamps, a 19-inch gear, and five adjacent, 2-3 or 3-2, configure the seats in Economy Class, which traditionally reduces by half half the seats next to each other in six ways.
Interior design in bold, conservative, business-oriented patterns and bright colors vary date has been set by the operator and individually designed by McDonnell-Douglas, whose interior design teams often travel to countries of origin to the airlineabsorb the local culture and customs, and then transform this experience into areas or state-reflective patterns. Blends of wool and synthetic materials have been used as a standard for seat covers and carpets.
Class seats and configuration by the same operator in different ways. A 137-passenger, two-tier arrangement, for example, 12 four-class seats adjacent to a 38-inch pitch and 125 economy class seats five abreast in a 34-inch pitch of view, while single-class density including 155 passengers at aStep 32/33-inch, 167 seats to a paper 30-inch pitch, or a maximum of 172 passengers, high density, the latter accommodatable the kitchen with a single installation.
Internal noise reduction was achieved by an insulating blanket on Mylar reinforced fiber fabric.
The long DC-9 and a new pressure recirculation system, the cabin air is replaced at higher frequencies, and the drinking water system in the present line of heating in all its water lines.An increase in capacity auxiliary power unit (APU) has made its environmental control system on the ground.
The aircraft has increased significantly longer fuselage baggage and volume of the lower deck cargo compartment, which holds the front, center and back each consisting of 434, 376, and 443 cubic meters.
The DC 9-80 receive 80 percent of the DC-9 to 50, the most important maintenance functions.
Like all his predecessors fuselage first, shorter, the plane was designed for short-range,Rapid-turnaround, short-independent operation airports finite system, with its increased thrust, broader wings, starts a self-contained passenger stairs, auxiliary power unit for air conditioning and engine environment, the soil profile down to facilitate maintenance, loading and maintenance, and the ability to run two or more branches without refueling. Most of the turnaround required little more than the trunk.
With a maximum payload of 40,112 pounds structural, theDC-9 to 81, as indicated in its first version had a 147 000 pounds gross weight, although this was later increased to £ 149,500 engines and increases the maximum landing weight of 128,000 pounds. Its normal cruising speed of Mach 0.76 and maximum and 0.80, respectively, were. Range, with 155 passengers and single-class domestic reserves, was 1564 miles nautical.
Piloted by the Chief Pilot Douglas HH Engineering Knickerbocker "Knick", John P. Laine pilot, and Flight TestEngineer Virginia "Ginny" A. Claire, the first DC-9 Super 80 and the 909 twin-roll off the assembly line in Long Beach, made its maiden flight from Long Beach Municipal Airport Runway 30 to 18 October 1979 with a call sign for DACO 80 "Douglas Aircraft Company 80. "
After about 25 miles on the water model, closed the long, thin fuselage airplane, which can hold 13,100 pounds of test equipment, the success of two hours, 50 minutes of testing before the bankruptcy-based landing maneuversFund Flight McDonnell-Douglas' operations in Yuma, Arizona, where the chief pilot of Engineering concludes. "The movement on the ground of the Super 80 is still better than the other DC-9, it seemed quite stable in flight ... The new engines were properly, and the reverse thrust during landing was very effective ... I think The Super 80 is great and will be a plane lived up to our expectations. "
The 1085 hours, $ 36 million, three flight test aircraft program, the first flights to followThe prototype of 6 N1002G N1002W 29 December 1979 and February 1980, led to FAA certification seven months later, on August 26 as part of an amendment to the DC-9 of the original certificate.
Before delivery to the customer Swissair September 12, the first DC-9-15, -30 and -50 had to start the series, the line was in service from Zurich to Frankfurt on October 5 to open the quietest commercial jet aircraft pure. Co-launch customer British Airways, which had alsooperated a fleet of DC-9-'30-'50 and the first revenue-service, open 21 days later, on October 26 from Vienna to Zurich.
After the check is McDonnell Douglas, the DC-9 to 80 or DC-9 Super 80, has been to accept the "MD-80" in 1983, its original version, called "MD-81." Renamed
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Development of baseline Pratt and Whitney JT8D-209 engine, that with greater efficiency in Augmented thrust 20,000 pounds - 217 more versions, whose origin was from 1979Requirement for short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft operating within the Japanese domestic market. One iteration then projected called DC-9 Super 80SF were coupled, the DC-9 and 40 of the fuselage with the DC-9 to 80 of the wings and engines, but the main thrust JT8D-217, applied to have the existing dimensions of the hull, would have the most desired performance. Therefore, results in a second variant, called the MD-82 and announced April 16, 1979, the present enhanced, 20,000 pounds of thrustJet engines with 850 pounds of automatic power reserve of 44 024 pounds and a payload range of 2050 miles with 155 passengers. First flight on January 8, 1981 he received his FAA type certification six months later, on July 31 an initial 147,000 pounds maximum takeoff weight, even if the 1982 option JT8D-217A engines, this increases further £ 149,500, which has made an even greater payload and range.
Republic Airlines, July 1, 1978 merger of North and CentralSouthern Airways was the launch customer for the version after the world's largest operator of DC-9-serial-10s, 30s and 50s, which the eight MD-82 were then added.
The variant has been involved in two unique programs. The first of these occur in October 1982 has brought to bear to innovative lease 20 MD-82 American Airlines, McDonnell-Douglas, maintenance costs and training, all right. This has led to the purchase of 67 aircraft in February 1984 to beattractive prices and with a low penalty, in blocks of ten to 25 aircraft, each block of 24 months prior to such demonstrable desired date of delivery had to be delivered. They are the foundation of the American fleet in the short and medium-haul connections to hubs in Chicago and Dallas, to facilitate the aircraft configured for 142 passengers in first class and the economy, ultimately numbered 234, the world's largest single- type completely out of the former USSR.
The second innovationTransaction was completed on April 12, 1985, when license to build the Shanghai Aviation Industrial Corporation, 25 MD-82 in the Republic of China agreed.
A successor called extended-range MD-83 and announced January 31, 1982 resulted in higher rated engines. The JT8D-219, rated at 21,000 pounds thrust, characterized by a newly developed low-pressure turbine, a new high-pressure turbine, a better aerodynamic wings, an increase of five percent in thrust and a two percentReduce fuel consumption.
First flight 17 December 1984, the twin-engine, with 160,000 pounds maximum takeoff weight, has provided a range of 2502 nautical miles, joined by 1160 U.S. gallons to keep more additional tanks installed on the lower deck. Finnair, which DC-9-14/15, -40, -50 and has served as the first version of the client was the longest running non-stop MD-80 aircraft, 14 November 1985, when it covered the 3406 miles of distance between Montreal andHelsinki, 7 hours, 26 minutes. Transwede, Sweden has opened its first transatlantic flight from Ft Lauderdale to Stockholm on revenue with stops in Oslo, and Gander.
Suitable for a party less able better to lower demand from industries offer and compete more effectively with the Boeing 737-300 developed for this market, McDonnell Douglas offered the first and only divergent dimensional variant of the DM -87, which develops from its former hadDC-9 Super XX studies for a 100 - to 120 air passengers, both by Pratt and Whitney JT8D-200 Series or CFM International CFM56-3-jet engines and offers 110,000 to 120,000 pounds gross weight. The variant, with a 16.5 meters shorter fuselage, characterized by a new, 130.5 meters in length and was 38 726 lb. load capacity or is the same as the DC-9 to 50.
Because of the short arm of the reduced moment of the fuselage, the vertical axis control of a larger area, fin four centimeters higher requiredvisible through the expansion of its traditional t-tail mating and a new point, 31.2 meters in total height. It also introduced low-drag panels and flap hinges, a connection between the fuselage fairing and pylon of the engine and reduced weight, blade-shaped tailcone.
Initially managed by the 20,000 lb thrust JT8D-217B, but then with less fuel 217C version, the MD-87 had a 2,372-nautical mile range with 130 passengers and updated domestic reserves, even ifadditional MD-83 type fuel capacity remains at the bottom rose to 2833 miles.
First shot skyward December 4, 1986 received its FAA type certificate on October 21 the following year and was in service on December 17 with Austrian Airlines from Vienna to Zagreb Open.
The last and most modern of the five versions of the MD-88 returns to the size of the hull and the original January 23, 1986, the launch customer Delta Air Lines has announcedan initial order and 80 of the type. Offered at 21,000 pounds thrust JT8D-219 turbofan, the version that best describes the MD-82 is based, to reduce the structure weight gain characterized composite, a new cabin with a wider gear and luggage to date, and a long, glass cockpit, the second of an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS), includes a flight management system (FMS), and an inertial reference system (IRS). And 'maintained the MD-87'sshovel-shaped tailcone.
First flight 15 August 1987 and FAA certification four months later, on December 9 in the MD-88 Delta airline service, January 5 to 22 years or so, after the world's first passenger service to operate - Series 14 to 8 December 1965. He also operated DC-9 tended to 30 and the MD-82.
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The 1000 MD-80 was March 29, 1992 and delivered in December 1997, 1,150 were of the type in service with 60 wasworld's airlines. The project, partly to its advance, according to the new engine MD-90 Boeing Next-Generation counterpart and 737 family, the manufacturer has reached the acquisition of McDonnell-Douglas, was still his best-selling book of all jets line, sales of DC - 8, the Super DC-8, DC-9 itself, the DC-10, MD-11, MD-90 and MD-95/717, the last shipment of them on 21 took place in December 1999, when an MD-83 was delivered to TWA, the twoDecades of production. In combination with the sales of the 976 original, short-trunk DC-9, was the third best-selling twin-engine Boeing 737 and Airbus Industries A-320 family, was built in 2167 with a collective fuselages.
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